|
高中英语句子结构详细讲解
有许多试题，从表面上看是甲结构，而实际是乙结构；或者命题人考查的是甲结构，而应试者却将其误认为是乙结构；或者从选项来看是甲结构，而题干考查的实际上是乙结构等等。对于这类问题，若不仔细识别，则很容易出错。下面请看几个实例：
1.We keep in touch______writing often.
A. with B. of C. on D . by
这应该是一个比较简单的问题，你能选对吗？此题考查的是keep in touch with这个短语吗？2. Mrs Brown was much disappointed to see the washing machine she had had___________went wrong again.
A. it B . it repaired C. repaired D. to be repaired
此题答案是选B吗？考查的是“have +名词或代词+过去分词”这个结构吗？如果是考查这个结构，你能解释理由吗？如果不是，你能说出是考查哪个结构吗？
3. Whom would you rather________with you, Jim or Jack?
A. have goB. have to goC. have goneD. has to go
从选项来看，似乎选B、C、D均可以，因为have to go, have gone, has to go等本身从语法上看都是可能的，而最不可能选的就是A，因为have go这结构本身就有点怪，似乎不妥。同学们，你也这样认为吗？但其实正确答案正是A，你想知道是为什么吗？
本节搜集了一些同学们可能受结构影响而出错的典型问题，希望对大家解此类题有些帮助。
1.这里为什么要用过去分词
The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see_____________the next year.
A. carried outB. carrying outC. carry outD. to carry out
此题结构比较复杂，语言基础较差的同学可能无法理清句子结构。正确的句子结构分析是这样的：that they would like to seethe next year是修饰名词the plan的定语从句，而在这个定语从句中，关系代词that (即指先行词the plan)用做动词see的宾语，所以定语从句的本来面目便是they would like to see the plan the next year。显然，其中的the plan与横线处的carry out有被动关系，故应填过去分词carried out，即此题正确答案为A。
2.是protect ... from还是prevent ... from
Use an umbrella to_____________you from the rain.
A. stopB. preventC. keepD. protect
许多同学一看到题干中的from，再联系到选项中的prevent，便马上想起了prevent ... from ...这个常用搭配，于是选择了B答案。这样分析的同学，没有完全弄清prevent ... from ...的用法特点。在prevent A from B这一句式中，A和B通常具有主谓关系，如在The rain prevented us from going out (下雨使我们不能出去)中，“我们”与“出去”就具有主谓关系。而上面一题不具备此特点，此题正确答案应是D，protect ... from ...意为“保护……免受……”。下面一题也应选protect：He was wearing dark glasses tohis eyes from the sun.A. preventB. protectC. keepD. stop请再看一例：
He was in great need of money, so he_____________＄5 000 for his car.
A.paidB. tookC. costD. spent
许多同学根据pay ... for ...这一搭配推断出此题应选Ａ。但是错了，当然若单独说He paid ＄5 000 for the car (他付了5 000美元买这车)也没什么不妥，但问题是，本句前面有这样一句He was in great need of money (他急需要钱)，既然是“急需要钱”，又怎么还会花5 000美元去买车呢？尤其还需注意的是car前的物主代词his，这说明是为自己的车花5 000美元，不合情理。此题的正确答案是B，take在此表示“获得”，句意为“他急需要钱，把自己的车以5 000美元给卖掉了”。
3.是考查keep in touch with这一短语吗
We keep in touch _____________writing often.
A. withB. ofC. onD. by
许多同学根据keep in touch with (与……保持联系)这一搭配推断出此题应选A。但是选A错了，因为套此搭配此句意思不通，正确答案应是D，by表示方式，by writing意为“通过写信”，全句意为“我们通过经常写信保持联系”。
7.这是谓语动词并列还是非谓语动词并列
They weren't a particularly good team, but they refused to give in and ______defeat.
A. acceptB. acceptedC. acceptingD. to have accepted此题容易误选B，误认为accepted与谓语refused并列。其实，最佳答案为A，动词accept与give并列。
(1)Mother told Jim to watch the milk until it boiled and then_______off the gas.
A. turnB. turningC. turnedD. having turned答案为A，turn off the gas与 watch the milk until it boiled并列。
(2)He just does what he pleases and never____________about anyone else.
A. thinkB. thinksC. thinkingD. thought
答案选B，thinks与前面的does为并列谓语，同用一般现在时。
(3)I don't know whether to stay in teaching or ________another job.
A. trying gettingB. to try to getC. trying to getD. try get
答案选B，to stay in teaching与to try to get another job为两个并列的选择成分，故同用不定式。另外比较：try to do sth=设法做某事，try doing sth=做某事看看有何效果。
8.这个句子涉及两个结构
Please make my excuse at tomorrow's meeting—I've got too much work________.
A. to do to comeB. doing comingC. to do comingD. doing to come
此题最佳答案为A，不定式to do与have got much work搭配，即have got much work to do (有许多工作要做)；不定式to come与much前的too搭配，构成too ... to ...句式，全句意为“我有太多的工作要做，不能来”。
9.此处为什么填have go而不填have to go
Whom would you rather ____________with you, Jim or Jack?
A. have goB. have to goC. have goneD. has to go
有的同学一看选项便首先排除了A，认为have go这种结构本身就有问题。而事实上此题的正确答案正是A。请同学们先看下面一句：
I would rather have Jim go with me.我宁愿要吉姆同我一道去。
句中的have为使役动词，所以其后用做宾语补足语的不定式go with me不带to。假若对此句中的Jim提问，不就成了Whom would you rather have go with you了吗？Who did the teacheran article for the wall newspaper?A. has write?B. have write?C. has written?D. have written此题很容易误选C或D，因为从选项本身来看，A和B的搭配结构显然不对。其实，此题的正确答案是B，此句可通过对下面一句的Jim提问得来：The teacher had Jim write an article for the wall newspaper.其中的had为使役动词，故其后用做宾语补足语的不定式短语to write ...不带to。
10.这是强调结构，但同时包括有定语从句It was in the small housewas _________built with stones by his father_____________he spent his childhood.
A. which, thatB. that, whichC. which, whichD. that, where答案选A。
填对此句的关键是要弄清第二空必须填 that，因为这是一个强调句，被强调部分为in the small house (以及修饰它的定语从句which was built with stones by his father)；第一空填which，用以引导定语从句。(1) It was the boyhad been in prisonstole the money.A. who, whereB. that, howC. who, thatD. that, which此题答案选C，全句为强调句，被强调成分是the boy以及修饰它的定语从句who had been in prison。
(2) It was just in this room__________he was born_______he died.
A. where, whichB. that, thatC. where, thatD. which, that
此题答案选C，全句为强调句，被强调成分是in this room，where he was born为修饰the room的定语从句。
11.考查了两个搭配
The point is not who said the words,__________they are true or not.
A. but whetherB. and whetherC. but how D. and how
答案选A。此题涉及两个搭配：一是not ... but ...（不是……而是……），二是whether ... or not (是否)。He was not an actor, who often appeared on stage,a writer, writing stories.A. butB. andC.
thenD. so答案选A，主要考查not ... but ...结构。
注:请同学们原谅.原来没有加横线.因为在网上摘录.这次重新加上.希望你们认真看完。这些分析题实际上就是所谓的语法难题,加了很多的从句或是短语、句型所致,这是1还有2.
有时一个本来很简单的句子，由于表达的需要，在其中置入一个插入成分，或将某些成分从正常位置调入一个在同学们看来属“非正常”的位置(如宾语从句前置等)，则很有可能给同学们的理解带来困难（尤其是阅读能力不是很好的同学会更感困难）。假若命题人就此命题，那就更麻烦了。请看以下几个实例：
1. He told me the news, believe it or not,he had earned ＄1 000 in a single day.
A. thatB. whichC. asD. because
你知道句中的believe it or not是什么成分吗？你认为此题应填which吗？换句话说，填空句是一个非限制性定语从句吗？如果你正是这样认为的，那你就大错特错了。
2. She promisedhe had enough money she would marry him.A. thatB. ifC. that ifD. if that
此题答案应选A还是B？另外，that与if可以连用吗？若可以，是that if还是if that？其中的that可以省略吗？
3.“Each of the students, working hard at his or her lessons,to go to university.”“So do I.”
A. hopeB. hopesC. hopingD. hoped
空白处是谓语还是非谓语？该填hope(s)还是hoping?其中的working hard at his or her lessons在句中起什么作用？
你若想知道以上问题的答案，或想知道其他更多相关问题的答案，请继续往下读。
1.注意插入成分my dear friendDon't you know, my dear friend,it is you that she loves?
A. whoB. whichC. thatD. what
此题容易误选A或B，选A者认为这是指人的，故用who；选B者认为这是非限制性定语从句，两者都是误认为这是定语从句(注意没有先行词)，其实此题应选C，that引导的是一个宾语从句（用做动词know的宾语），它只是被句中的插入语my dear friend隔开罢了。其实此句也可说成：My dear friend, don't you know that it is you that she loves?
I think, though I could be mistaken,he liked me.
A. whoB. whichC. thatD. what
答案选C，句子可改写为：I think that he liked me, though I could be mistaken.即that he liked me是动词think之宾语从句。
2. believe it or not是插入成分
He told me the news, believe it or not,he had earned ＄1 000 in a single day.
A. thatB. whichC. asD. because
此题容易误选B，误认为这是非限制性定语从句。其实此题应选A，that引导的是一个用以修饰名词the news的同位语从句。不少同学之所以误选B，正是believe it or not（信不信由你）这个插入成分惹的祸。
3.不妨撇开这个if not better
Jim plays football, if not better than, Mike.
A. as wellB. as well asC. so wellD. so well as
此句的正常结构是这样的：Jim plays football as well as Mike, if he doesn't play football better than Mike.由于命题者将其后的状语从句移至句中，且将其省略成if not better than，不少同学(尤其是一些阅读能力较差的同学)对这个句子的分析感到无从下手，从而导致误选。
此题应选B，但容易误选A。这是一个省略句,其中的 if not better than＝if he doesn't play football better than。全句意为：吉姆踢足球如果不是比迈克踢得更好,至少也是一样好。
请做以下类似试题(答案均选D)：
(1) Her pronunciation is, if not better than, her brother's.
A. as wellB. as well asC. as goodD. as good as
(2) This bridge is, if not stronger than, that one.
A. so strongB. as strongC. so strong asD. as strong as
(3) He has been to Paris, if not more than, ten times.
A. so muchB. so manyC. so muchD. as many as
4.这个when引导的是什么从句
The film brought the hours back to meI was taken good care of in that far-away village.
A. untilB. thatC. whenD. where
此题容易误选B，误认为that引导一个宾语从句。其实此题应选C，when引导的是一个修饰the hours的定语从句，该题的难点是定语从句与先行词the hours被分离了。
其实关系副词when引导的定语从句与先行词分离的情况在英语中并不少见，如：
(1) The days are gone foreverwe didn't have enough to eat.
A. sinceB. thatC. whereD. when
答案选D。when we didn't have enough to eat修饰the days。
(2) I believe the time will soon comethere will be no weapons in the world.
A. since B. that C. where D. when
答案选D。when there will be no weapons in the world修饰the time。
5.这个which起什么作用
Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play,, of course, made the others unhappy
A. whoB. whichC. thisD. what
许多同学认为此题句子结构比较混乱，逗号太多，难于理清头绪。请同学们先看下面一句：
Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, made theothers unhappy.一般同学都知道此题应填关系代词which，用以引导一个非限制性的定语从句。事实上，上面一题就是根据此题演变而来的，只不过在which与made之间插入了一个of course。所以上面一题应选B。
(1) The meeting was put off,, of course, was exactly what we wanted.
A. whoB. whichC. thisD. what
(2) He was very fond of speaking French,, indeed, he spoke well.
A. whoB. whichC. thisD. what
以上两题答案均选B，which引导的为非限制性定语从句，其后的of course和indeed为插入成分。
6.填谓语动词还是非谓语动词
“Each of the students, working hard at his or her lessons,to go to university.”“So do I.”
A. hopeB. hopesC. hopingD. hoped
此题应选B，句子的真正主语是each of the students，横线处填的hopes是句子谓语，其中的working hard at his or her lessons是插入句中修饰主语的非限制性定语。
(1) Each of the students, hoping to pass the exam,the book.
A. buying B. having bought C. should buyD. to buy答案选C，each of the students是句子主语，横线处为句子谓语，hoping to pass the exam是修饰句子主语的非限制性定语。
(2) Many countries, for example, Mexico and Japan,a lot of earthquakes.
A. haveB. havingC. to haveD. having had答案选A，many countries是句子主语，横线处为句子谓语。
7.这个do you suppose是插入成分吗
“I haven't heard from Henry for a long time.”“What do you supposeto him?”
A. was happeningB. to happenC. has happenedD. had happened
此题容易误选B，认为动词suppose后接动词用不定式。正确答案应是C，其中的do you suppose是插入成分。请看以下类例情形（答案均选D）：
(1) Who do you thinkthe money?
A. [1] [2] 下一页
|
网友评论：（只显示最新10条。评论内容只代表网友观点，与本站立场无关！）