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2008年中考英语语法突破---形容词比较级和最高级           ★★★ 【字体:
2008年中考英语语法突破---形容词比较级和最高级
作者:admin    文章来源:本站原创    点击数:    更新时间:2008-5-1

 

主谓一致难点讲解

英语中,句子的谓语动词必须在人称和数上和句子的主语保持一致。下面结合高考试题,对有关主谓一致的问题作一分析。

1. either … or … neither … nor … not only … but also …等连接的名词或代词作主语时,谓语动词的形式要和离动词最近的那个主语在人称和数上保持一致。例如:

Neither you nor he is to blame.

你和他都不该受责备。

Not only the students but also the teacher has to memorize the text.

不仅学生而且老师都要把课文背熟。

Either he or you are to do that work.

不是他就是你要做那项工作。

2. 主语后面跟有 with together with but along with like except besides including in addition to rather than as well as 等加名词或代词构成的短语时,谓语动词的形式通常和这些短语前面的主语在人称和数上保持一致。例如:

I as well as they am ready to help you.

我和他们都乐意帮助你。

A woman with two children is coming.

一个妇女带着两个孩子走过来了。

Nobody but Tom and Mary was there.

只有汤姆和玛丽在那里。

An expert together with some assistants was sent to help in the work.

一位专家和几位助手被派去协助这项工作。

No one except my parents knows anything about it.

除了我父母谁也不知道这件事。

3. and 连接的并列名词词组作主语时,如果主语是指两个或更多个人或物,谓语动词要用复数形式;如果主语是指同一个人或物,这时, and 后面的名词前面没有冠词,谓语动词要用单数形式。例如:

The secretary and the principal of the school were present at the meeting.

该校的书记和校长都出席了会议。

The secretary and principal of the school was present at the meething.

该校的书记兼校长出席了会议。

4. 集体名词如 family team group class club committee audience public 等用作主语时,如果侧重一个整体,谓语动词用单数形式;如果着重集体中的各个成员,谓语动词用复数形式。例如:

His family isn't very large.

他家人口不多。

His family are all music lovers.

他家的人都喜欢音乐。

The audience was enormous.

观众人数很多。

The audience were greatly moved at the words.

听了这话,听众都很感动。

5. there here 引起的句子中,如果主语不止一个,谓语动词的形式要和与其临近的那个主语在数上保持一致。例如:

There is a book two pens and three pencils on the desk.

书桌上有一本书,两支钢笔和三支铅笔。

Here are a few envelopes a pen and some paper for you.

这儿有几个信封、一支笔和一些纸给你。

6. “ a number of +复数名词作主语时,谓语动词通常用复数形式:“ the number of +复数名词作主语时,谓语动词通常用单数形式。例如:

A number of books have been published on the subject.

有关这一学科的书出版了许多。

The number of the books published on the subject is simply amazing.

有关这一学科的书,出版的数量简直惊人。

7. 形式上是单数而意义上是复数的集体名词如 people police cattle (牛), poultry (家禽)等用作主语时,谓语动词要用复数形式;形式上是复数而意义上是单数的名词如 works (工厂), savings (存款), news (新闻), means (方法), politics (政治), economics (经济学)等用作主语时,谓语动词要用单数形式。例如:

The police are on the track of the criminal.

警察正在追捕那个罪犯。

The cattle are eating grass on the pasture.

牛正在草场上吃草。

Every means has been tried.

每一种方法都试过了。

The chemical works is located in the suburb of the city.

那个化工厂位于城市的郊区。

8. each 和由 some any no every 构成的不定代词作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。例如:

Each of us has something to say.

我们每个人都有些话要说。

Someone wants to see you at the door.

门口有个人想见你。

Nobody knows it.

没有人知道这件事。

9. 表示时间、距离、重量、金额、书名等复数名词作主语时,通常当作整体看待,谓语动词用单数形式。例如:

One hundred miles was covered in a single night.

一夜走了 100 英里

Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations.

允许有三个星期的时间做必要的准备。

10. “ the +形容词一般表示一类人,如 the old (老人), the young (年轻人), the rich (有钱人,富人), the poor (穷人), the black (黑人), the white (白人), the dead (死者), the living (生者)等,若它们在句中作主语时,谓语动词要用复数形式。例如:

The rich are not always happy.

有钱的人并不总是快乐的。

The old are taken good care of.

老年人受到了很好的照料。

11. “分数或百分数+ of +名词作主语时,谓语动词的形式要与 of 后面的名词在数上保持一致。例如:

About 70 percent of the workers in that factory are young people.

那些工厂 70 %的工人是年轻人。

Only three-fifths of the work was done yesterday by them.

昨天他们只完成了五分之三的工作。

12. 并列的动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时,谓语动词通常用单数形式。例如:

Early to bed and early to rise makes one happy and wise.

睡得早,起得早,心情愉快身体好。

Going to bed early and getting up early is a good habit.

早睡早起是个好习惯。

Whether we will go or not matters little.

我们去不去关系不大。

13. “ one of the +复数名词+定语从句结构中,若复数名词是定语从句的先行词,定语从句的谓语动词要用复数形式;但是,当 one 前面有 the only the very 等修饰时, one 是先行词,定语从句的谓语动词要用单数形式。例如:

She is one of the girls I know who like to speak ill of others behind their backs.

她是我所知道的喜欢在背后说别人坏话的女孩之一。

She is the only one of the girls I know who likes to speak ill of others behind their backs.

她是我所知道的女孩中唯一的一个喜欢在背后说别人坏话的女孩。

 

时间介词的用法及辨析

表示时间的介词,在英语介词中占着相当重要的位置。在初中阶段英语教学过程中,已出现了许多用来表示时间的介词。其中有:at on in during for to till un til after by before等。本文着重谈一谈这些介词在表示时间的用法及它们之间的同异之处。

1.at/ on/ in

aat用来表示时间时,通常指时间的某一点。例如:at five o’clock at noon at midnight

bon用来表示某一段时间,特指某天或某天的上午 下午或晚上。例如:on Sunday, on October, on Saturday morning.

cin也可用来表示一段时间,但多指长于一天或不到一天的时间段。例如:in January, in summer, in1988, in the morning ,in the evening.

2.induring

aduring用来表示一段时间,其意义大致相当于in的用法。一般来说,凡是能用in的地方,也可以用during.例如:He came to see me during my absence. Don’t go to see his wife in his absence.

Bduringin的区别在于during强调时间的延续性,而in则只是一般指某一时间。试比较:They visited many cities during their stay in China. Her grandpa was killed in the war.

3.in /for /during

a“in+时间“for+时间都可表示一段时间,但“for+时间表示有多久,而“in+时间则表示在何时。例如:We worked there for the winter. They worked there in winter.

以上两例中,in winter强调在冬季,不一定包括整个冬季时间,而for the winter则强调整个冬天

bfor用来表示一般时间,常跟具体的时间段。例如 for a few days for 3 weeks for five months

4.sinceafter

都可以用来引导表示从过去某一点开始的时间段词组。它们的不同之处在于:

asince引导的词组所表示的时间一直延续到说话时为止,因而要与现在完成时连用。例如:He has been there twice since 1982.I have done nothing since six o’clock.

bafter引导的词组所表示的时间是纯系过去,并不延续到说话时,因此要和一般过去时连用。例如:He went home after school.

5.till/ untilto

a)介词tilluntil常用于“from.……tilluntil”结构中,表示一个动作的终结。介词to常用在“from.……to”的结构中,用来表示一个阶段的终结。两者在这种结构中意义十分接近。例如:The Americans stayed here from June to September. He studies from morning tilluntil night everyday.

bto可用在表示钟点的词前。我们说It’s six to five 但不能说It’s six tilluntil five.反之在某些能用tilluntil的场合,却不能用to.例如:在“not.……until”结构中,我们说I didn’t go to bed tilluntil ten o’clock.却不能说I didn’t go to bed to ten o’clock.

ctilluntil也有细微区别。till常用在非正式文体或口语中,而until则常用于正式文体及比较正式的场合。另外,在句首多用until.

6.by/ before

aby表示时间时,意思是……以前不迟于……时(为止)。例如:by supper time by the end of last term

bbefore表示时间,意为……以前。例如:before liberation the day before yesterday

cbybefore的区别在于,by短语表示时间,强调终止点,而before短语表示时间,强调起始点。例如:Your son will be all right by suppertime.

句中的by suppertime表示从说话时到晚饭前这段时间。而before构成短语则表示从某一时间或事件之前,例如:The poor children couldn’t go to school before liberation.

 

初中英语定语从句用法及配套练习

定语从句的概念

  在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词,定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。

定语从句的关系词

  引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词,常见的关系代词包括that which who(宾格whom,所有格whose)等,关系副词包括where when why等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用,同时又作定语从句的重要成分。

定语从句的分类

  根据定语从句与先行词的关系,定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句紧跟先行词,主句与从句不用逗号分开,从句不可省去,非限制性定语从句主句与从句之间有逗号分开,起补充说明作用,如省去,意思仍完整。

关系代词的用法

  1. that 既可以用于指人,也可以用于指物。在从句中作主语或宾语,作主语时不可省略,作宾语可省略。例如:

  Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。(that作主语)

  The coat that I put on the desk is blue.我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。(that作宾语)

  2.which用于指物,在句中作主语或宾语,作主语不可省略,作宾语可省略。例如:

  The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.位于火车站附近的那座大楼是一家超市。(作主语)

  The film which we saw last night was wonderful. 我们昨天晚上看的那部电影很好看。(作宾语)

  3.who whom